The Book of Songs (Alternative translations: "Classic of Poetry", "Canon of Odes")

Fav

长发

《商颂·那之什》

浚哲维商，长发其祥。洪水芒芒，禹敷下土方。外大国是疆，幅陨既长。有娀方将，帝立子生商。

玄王桓拨，受小国是达，受大国是达。率履不越，遂视既发。相士烈烈。海外有截。

帝命不违，至于汤齐。汤降不迟，圣敬日跻。昭假迟迟，上帝是祗，帝命式于九围。

受小球大球，为下国缀旒，何天之休。不竞不絿，不刚不柔。敷政优优。百禄是遒。

受小共大共，为下国骏厖。何天之龙，敷奏其勇。不震不动，不戁不竦，百禄是总。

武王载旆，有虔秉钺。如火烈烈，则莫我敢曷。苞有三蘖，莫遂莫达。九有有截，韦顾既伐，昆吾夏桀。

昔在中叶，有震且业。允也天子，降予卿士。实维阿衡，实左右商王。

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.