The Book of Songs (Alternative translations: "Classic of Poetry", "Canon of Odes")

Fav

皇矣

《大雅·文王之什》

皇矣上帝，临下有赫。监观四方，求民之莫。维此二国，其政不获。

维彼四国，爰究爰度。上帝耆之，憎其式廓。乃眷西顾，此维与宅。

作之屏之，其菑其翳。修之平之，其灌其栵。启之辟之，其柽其椐。

攘之剔之，其檿其柘。帝迁明德，串夷载路。天立厥配，受命既固。

帝省其山，柞棫斯拔，松柏斯兑。帝作邦作对，自大伯王季。维此王季，

因心则友。则友其兄，则笃其庆，载锡之光。受禄无丧，奄有四方。

维此王季，帝度其心。貊其德音，其德克明。克明克类，克长克君。

王此大邦，克顺克比。比于文王，其德靡悔。既受帝祉，施于孙子。

帝谓文王：无然畔援，无然歆羡，诞先登于岸。密人不恭，敢距大邦，

侵阮徂共。王赫斯怒，爰整其旅，以按徂旅。以笃于周祜，以对于天下。

依其在京，侵自阮疆。陟我高冈，无矢我陵。我陵我阿，无饮我泉，

我泉我池。度其鲜原，居岐之阳，在渭之将。万邦之方，下民之王。

帝谓文王：予怀明德，不大声以色，不长夏以革。不识不知，顺帝之则。

帝谓文王：訽尔仇方，同尔弟兄。以尔钩援，与尔临冲，以伐崇墉。

临冲闲闲，崇墉言言。执讯连连，攸馘安安。是类是禡，是致是附，

四方以无侮。临冲茀茀，崇墉仡仡。是伐是四，是绝是忽。四方以无拂。

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.