the Book of Poetry

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大明

《大雅·文王之什》

明明在下，赫赫在上。天难忱斯，不易维王。天位殷适，使不挟四方。

挚仲氏任，自彼殷商，来嫁于周，曰嫔于京。乃及王季，维德之行。

大任有身，生此文王。维此文王，小心翼翼。昭事上帝，聿怀多福。厥德不回，以受方国。

天监在下，有命既集。文王初载，天作之合。在洽之阳，在渭之涘。

文王嘉止，大邦有子。大邦有子，伣天之妹。文定厥祥，亲迎于渭。造舟为梁，不显其光。

有命自天，命此文王。于周于京，缵女维莘。长子维行，笃生武王。保右命尔，燮伐大商。

殷商之旅，其会如林。矢于牧野，维予侯兴。上帝临女，无二尔心。

牧野洋洋，檀车煌煌，驷騵彭彭。维师尚父，时维鹰扬。凉彼武王，四伐大商，会朝清明。

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Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are known as "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no text—referred to as the "Six Title-Only Poems" (Nan Gai, Bai Hua"Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou dynasty.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified, though it is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*.The "Feng" consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the "Ya" comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into the "Xiao Ya" and "Da Ya"; the "Song" consists of ritual songs for sacrifices at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into the "Zhou Song," "Lu Song," and "Shang Song."

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “free from evil,” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many cited the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently quoted verses from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’ artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry.

(2) The verse structure primarily consists of four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also present. Structurally, the collection frequently employs a form of repeated stanzas and verses, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually evocative, with harmonious sound and rhythm.