The Book of Songs (Alternative translations: "Classic of Poetry", "Canon of Odes")

Fav

七月

《国风·豳风》

七月流火，九月授衣。一之日觱发，二之日栗烈。无衣无褐，何以卒岁？

三之日于耜，四之日举趾。同我妇子，馌彼南亩。田畯至喜。

七月流火，九月授衣。春日载阳，有鸣仓庚。女执懿筐，遵彼微行，爰求柔桑。

春日迟迟，采蘩祁祁。女心伤悲，殆及公子同归。

七月流火，八月萑苇。蚕月条桑，取彼斧斨。以伐远扬，猗彼女桑。

七月鸣鵙，八月载绩。载玄载黄，我朱孔阳，为公子裳。

四月秀葽，五月鸣蜩。八月其获，十月陨萚。一之日于貉，取彼狐狸，为公子裘。

二之日其同，载缵武功。言私其豵，献豜于公。

五月斯螽动股，六月莎鸡振羽。七月在野，八月在宇，九月在户，十月蟋蟀，入我床下。

穹窒熏鼠，塞向墐户。嗟我妇子，曰为改岁，入此室处。

六月食郁及薁，七月亨葵及菽。八月剥枣，十月获稻。为此春酒，以介眉寿。

七月食瓜，八月断壶，九月叔苴，采荼薪樗。食我农夫。

九月筑场圃，十月纳禾稼。黍稷重穋，禾麻菽麦。嗟我农夫，我稼既同，上入执宫功。

昼尔于茅，宵尔索綯，亟其乘屋，其始播百谷。

二之日凿冰冲冲，三之日纳于凌阴。四之日其蚤，献羔祭韭。九月肃霜，十月涤场。

朋酒斯飨，曰杀羔羊，跻彼公堂。称彼兕觥：万寿无疆！

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.