The Book of Songs (Alternative translations: "Classic of Poetry", "Canon of Odes")

Fav

卷阿

《大雅·生民之什》

有卷者阿，飘风自南。岂弟君子，来游来歌，以矢其音。

伴奂尔游矣，优游尔休矣。岂弟君子，俾尔弥尔性，似先公酋矣。

尔土宇昄章，亦孔之厚矣。岂弟君子，俾尔弥尔性，百神尔主矣。

尔受命长矣，茀禄尔康矣。岂弟君子，俾尔弥尔性，纯嘏尔常矣。

有冯有翼，有孝有德，以引以翼。岂弟君子，四方为则。

颙颙卬卬，如圭如璋，令闻令望。岂弟君子，四方为纲。

凤凰于飞，翙翙其羽，亦集爰止。蔼蔼王多吉士，维君子使，媚于天子。

凤凰于飞，翙翙其羽，亦傅于天。蔼蔼王多吉人，维君子命，媚于庶人。

凤凰鸣矣，于彼高冈。梧桐生矣，于彼朝阳。菶菶萋萋，雍雍喈喈。

君子之车，既庶且多。君子之马，既闲且驰。矢诗不多，维以遂歌。

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.