The Book of Songs (Alternative translations: "Classic of Poetry", "Canon of Odes")

Fav

板

《大雅·生民之什》

上帝板板，下民卒瘅。出话不然，为犹不远。

靡圣管管。不实于亶。犹之未远，是用大谏。

天之方难，无然宪宪。天之方蹶，无然泄泄。

辞之辑矣，民之洽矣。辞之怿矣，民之莫矣。

我虽异事，及尔同僚。我即尔谋，听我嚣嚣。

我言维服，勿以为笑。先民有言，询于刍荛。

天之方虐，无然谑谑。老夫灌灌，小子蹻蹻。

匪我言耄，尔用忧谑。多将熇熇，不可救药。

天之方懠。无为夸毗。威仪卒迷，善人载尸。

民之方殿屎，则莫我敢葵？丧乱蔑资，曾莫惠我师？

天之牖民，如埙如篪，如璋如圭，如取如携。

携无曰益，牖民孔易。民之多辟，无自立辟。

价人维藩，大师维垣，大邦维屏，大宗维翰，

怀德维宁，宗子维城。无俾城坏，无独斯畏。

敬天之怒，无敢戏豫。敬天之渝，无敢驰驱。

昊天曰明，及尔出王。昊天曰旦，及尔游衍。

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.