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云汉

《大雅·荡之什》

倬彼云汉，昭回于天。王曰：于乎！何辜今之人？天降丧乱，饥馑荐臻。

靡神不举，靡爱斯牲。圭壁既卒，宁莫我听？

旱既大甚，蕴隆虫虫。不殄禋祀，自郊徂宫。上下奠瘗，靡神不宗。

后稷不克，上帝不临。耗斁下土，宁丁我梗

旱既大甚，则不可推。兢兢业业，如霆如雷。周余黎民，靡有孑遗。

昊天上帝，则不我遗。胡不相畏？先祖于摧。

旱既大甚，则不可沮。赫赫炎炎，云我无所。大命近止，靡瞻靡顾。

群公先正，则不我助。父母先祖，胡宁忍予？

旱既大甚，涤涤山川。旱魃为虐，如惔如焚。我心惮暑，忧心如熏。

群公先正，则不我闻。昊天上帝，宁俾我遁？

旱既大甚，黾勉畏去。胡宁瘨我以旱？憯不知其故。祈年孔夙，方社不莫。

昊天上帝，则不我虞。

敬恭明神，宜无悔怒。旱既大甚，散无友纪。鞫哉庶正，疚哉冢宰。

趣马师氏，膳夫左右。靡人不周。无不能止，瞻卬昊天，云如何里！

瞻卬昊天，有嘒其星。大夫君子，昭假无赢。大命近止，无弃尔成。

何求为我。以戾庶正。瞻卬昊天，曷惠其宁？

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.