The Book of Songs (Alternative translations: "Classic of Poetry", "Canon of Odes")

Fav

文王

《大雅·文王之什》

文王在上，于昭于天。周虽旧邦，其命维新。有周不显，帝命不时。文王陟降，在帝左右。

亹亹文王，令闻不已。陈锡哉周，侯文王孙子。文王孙子，本支百世，凡周之士，不显亦世。

世之不显，厥犹翼翼。思皇多士，生此王国。王国克生，维周之桢；济济多士，文王以宁。

穆穆文王，于缉熙敬止。假哉天命。有商孙子。商之孙子，其丽不亿。上帝既命，侯于周服。

侯服于周，天命靡常。殷士肤敏。裸将于京。厥作裸将，常服黼冔。王之荩臣。无念尔祖。

无念尔祖，聿修厥德。永言配命，自求多福。殷之未丧师，克配上帝。宜鉴于殷，骏命不易！

命之不易，无遏尔躬。宣昭义问，有虞殷自天。上天之载，无声无臭。仪刑文王，万邦作孚。

Introduction to the *Book of Songs*:

1. The Book of Songs marks the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and is the earliest anthology of poetry. It collects poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (11th century BCE to 6th century BCE), totaling 311 poems. Among these, six are "title-only poems"—that is, they have titles but no content—known as the Six Title-Only Poems (Nan Gai, Bai Hua "Hua Shu," "You Geng," "Chong Qiu," and "You Yi"), reflecting the social landscape over approximately five centuries from the early to late Zhou period.

2. The authors of the *Book of Songs* are anonymous; the vast majority cannot be verified. It is traditionally attributed to Yin Jifu for collection and Confucius for compilation. In terms of content, the *Book of Songs* is divided into three sections: *Feng*, *Ya*, and *Song*. The *Feng* consists of folk songs from various regions of the Zhou dynasty; the *Ya* comprises the formal and elegant music of the Zhou people, further divided into *Xiao Ya* (Minor Elegance) and *Da Ya* (Major Elegance); the *Song* consists of ritual songs performed at the Zhou royal court and in the ancestral temples of the nobility, further divided into *Zhou Song*, *Lu Song*, and *Shang Song*.

3. Confucius summarized the purpose of the Book of Songs as “without deceit” and taught his disciples to read it as a standard for both speech and conduct. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, many quoted the Book of Songs; for instance, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Zhuangzi, and Han Feizi frequently cited passages from the Book of Songs to enhance the persuasiveness of their arguments.

4. Artistic Characteristics of the *Book of Songs*:

(1) The use of the three poetic techniques—direct narration (fu), analogy (bi), and evocation (xing)—is a hallmark of the *Book of Songs*’s artistic style and established the fundamental methods of ancient Chinese poetry composition.

(2) The verse structure is primarily based on four-character lines, though mixed-length lines are also used. Structurally, the work frequently employs repeated stanzas and parallel lines, enhancing the poetry’s rhythmic sense and musical beauty.

(3) The language is rich and varied, making extensive use of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and word repetition, which render the poetry vivid and visually striking, with harmonious sound and rhythm.