Unicode encoding/decoding

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Introduction to Unicode:

1. Unicode is a character set standard designed to provide a unified encoding scheme for all writing systems in the world.

2. The goal of Unicode is to assign a unique code point to every character, regardless of the language, symbol, or emoji to which it belongs.

3. Unicode uses code points to represent each character. The range of code points is from U+0000 to U+10FFFF, capable of representing over 1,114,000 different characters.

4. Code points are typically represented in hexadecimal format, prefixed with "U+".

5. In programming languages, Unicode characters can be represented using escape sequences.

6. For example, in JavaScript, you can use \uXXXX (where XXXX is the hexadecimal value of the code point) to represent characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), and \u{XXXXXX} to represent characters in other planes.